Scaling 

Scaling can be performed by a diagonal matrix, M ∈ R2x2, as shown here:

Here, Sv denotes the scale factor along the vertical direction, and Sh denotes the scale factor along the horizontal direction (see Figure 2.6 for an illustration). We can also choose to follow up the scaling with a translation, by having a nonzero translation vector, b:

Figure 2.6 Image scaling of the retina
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