List 8

早于

代表单词：before

英文注释：earlier in time (AHD)

拓展单词：prior to

预测单词：previous, anterior to, earlier than, ahead of

老师说词

后缀-ior含有“比较于……”的意思，例如：posterior“晚于”，prior“早于”，superior to“优于”。

经典例句

Silent films with music accompaniment were aesthetically superior to sound films. (TPO 17)

带有音乐伴奏的无声电影在美学上优于有声电影。

There is evidence of agriculture in Africa prior to 3000 B. C. (TPO 7)

有证据表明，早在公元前3000年以前，非洲就有了农业。

All the snowfall from the previous winter will melt. (TPO 15)

去年冬天下的雪都将融化。

For example, some have blamed dinosaur extinction on the development of flowering plants, which were supposedly more difficult to digest and could have caused constipation or indigestion—except that flowering plants first evolved in the Early Cretaceous, about 60 million years before the dinosaurs died out. (TPO 42)

例如，有些将恐龙的灭绝归咎于开花植物的繁盛，这种植物据称更难消化，可引起便秘和消化不良——但是开花植物最初是在前白垩纪进化而来的，也就是在恐龙灭绝前约6000万年就出现了。

开始 ☆☆☆

代表单词：initiate

英文注释：set going by taking the first step (AHD)

拓展单词：start (2014, 2015, 2016, 2017), begin (2014, 2016), launch (2017)

预测单词：embark, onset, commence, primordial

其他考试形式：

形容词“起初的”initial=first=original (2014)

老师说词

initiate=start=begin这几个词每年都考。

经典例句

Kramer initiated important new kinds of research regarding how animals orient and navigate. (TPO 11)

克雷默最新发起了关于动物是如何定位和导航的重要研究。

The primordial cloud of dust and gas from which all the planets are thought to have condensed had a composition somewhat similar to that of Jupiter. (TPO 16)

最初的气尘云（所有的行星都被认为是从最初的气尘云压缩而生的）中有一种成分和木星的有些类似。

The solar system's original chemical composition is preserved. (TPO 8)

太阳系的原始化学成分得以保留下来。

Historian Frederic Lane observes that after the loss of ships in battle in the late sixteenth century, the shipbuilding industry no longer had the capacity to recover that it had displayed at the start of the century. (TPO 25)

历史学家弗雷德里克·莱恩评述到，自从16世纪后期造船业因战争遭到重创就再也没有能力恢复到16世纪初景气的样子了。

In the formation of many species, the initial isolation of a population seems to have been a geographic barrier. (TPO 42)

在许多物种的形成过程中，最初的种群隔离似乎来自一种地理上的屏障。

Another important push was the onset of the Little lce Age, a climatic phenomenon that led to cooler temperatures in the northern hemisphere. (TPO 24)

另外一个推动力量是小冰河时代的到来，这种气候现象导致了北半球气温的降低。

快的 ☆☆

代表单词：fast

英文注释：acting, moving, or capable of acting or movingquickly (AHD)

拓展单词：swift (2014, 2015)

预测单词：rapid, quick, flying, speedy

经典例句

The triumph of sound cinema was swift, complete, and enormously popular. (TPO 12)

有声电影取得胜利，并迅速、全面、广泛地流行起来。

The rapid expansion in international trade also benefited from an infusion of capital, stemming largely from gold and silver brought by Spanish vessels from the Americans. (TPO 10)

国际贸易的迅速发展也受益于资本的注入，这些资本主要来自西班牙船舰从美洲带来的金银。

Papermaking spread quickly to Egypt—and eventually to Sicily and Spain—but it was several centuries before paper supplanted parchment for copies of the Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art and its practitioners. (TPO 34)

造纸术很快传播到了埃及，最终传到了西西里岛和西班牙。但是羊皮纸版的《古兰经》被纸质版取代却经过了几世纪，或许是因为宗教艺术及其践行者们的保守本性。

There are some submarine islands called guyots and seamounts, in which subsidence associated with sea-floor spreading has been too speedy for coral growth to keep up. (TPO 47)

有一些海底岛屿称为平顶山或海底山，在这些地方海底扩张带来的下沉速度太快，以致珊瑚礁的生长速度跟不上。

匆忙 ☆☆

代表单词：hasten

英文注释：If you hasten an event or process, often an unpleasant one, you make it happen faster or sooner.

拓展单词：hurry (2016), speed up (2017)

预测单词：precipitate, look sharp

老师说词

这组词在2016～2017年考过多次。

“匆忙”和“快”，这两个词只是在程度上有区别，“匆忙”表示非常得快！

经典例句

She more than anyone had hastened to sign the contract.

她比任何人都急着签合同。

A great deal of water is withdrawn from it by evaporation and is precipitated as snow to form glacial ice. (TPO 19)

大量的水从海洋中蒸发掉，并且凝结成雪从而形成冰川。

逐渐的 ☆☆

代表单词：gradual

英文注释：moving, changing, or developing by fine oroften imperceptible degrees (AHD)

拓展单词：slow (2015, 2016, 2017)

预测单词：steady, even, regular

老师说词

这组词最近考了两次。如果不是查词典，很难知道gradual和slow竟然是一对同义词。《韦氏词典》上写到，gradual所指的变化是微小或者难以察觉的变化。所以，这个词在考试中，肯定是与含有“变化”意思的选项相关，而且这种变化很慢。《柯林斯词典》写到其变化幅度小（A gradual change or process occurs in small stages over a long period of time，rather than suddenly.）。所以说，该词的考点并不是指速度上的快与慢，而是变化上的快与慢。其反义词是sudden，overnight，abrupt。

经典例句

Geothermal energy is in a sense not renewable, because in most cases the heat would be drawn out of a reservoir much more rapidly than it would be replaced by the very slow geological processes by which heat flows through solid rock into a heat reservoir. (TPO 21)

地热能在某种意义上讲是不可再生的，因为多数情况下，从热库提取热量要比靠缓慢的地质作用来补充热量（热量从坚硬的岩石传送到热库中）快得多。

From this analysis of marine sediments, geologists have learned that there were many shorter, more regular cycles of glaciation and deglaciation than geologists had recognized from the glacial drift of the continents alone. (TPO 19)

从这些海洋沉积物的分析来看，地质学家们发现和以前单单根据大陆的冰川漂移所发现的相比，冰川期和冰川消失期的周期更短、更有规律。

随后的 ☆☆

代表单词：subsequent

英文注释：following in time or order (AHD)

拓展单词：ensuing, later (2014, 2015, 2016), following (2014), following in time, followed (2017), succeed (2017)

预测单词：succeeding

老师说词

这里注意succeed。表示时间上的“随后的”。

经典例句

The development of an understanding of the self becomes evident between the first and second years of life and shows rapid elaboration in subsequent years. (TPO 21)

对自我认识的发展在1到2岁之前非常明显，并在随后的几年中表现得更加细致。

The ensuing rapid expansion of irrigation agriculture. (TPO 3)

随之而来的是灌溉农业的迅速兴起。

侧面的 ☆

代表单词：lateral

英文注释：of, relating to, or situated at or on the side (AHD)

拓展单词：side (2014, 2015)

经典例句

The sparse distribution of the feathers, however, also allows considerable lateral air movement over the skin surface, thereby permitting further heat loss by convection. (TPO 28)

然而，羽毛生长稀疏可以让风从侧面吹向皮肤，从而通过对流带走热量。

If something blocks the "good" side, such as congestion from allergies or a cold, then resistance increases dramatically. (TPO 24)

如果有时候堵塞了“好”的一边，比如过敏和感冒引起的堵塞，阻力就会大大增加。

普遍的，广泛的 ☆☆☆

代表单词：general

英文注释：affecting or characteristic of the majority of those involved

拓展单词：usual (2016, 2017), common (2016), prevalent, widespread (2017), recognized (2017)

预测单词：accepted (2017), universal, prevailing

经典例句

Because of intense interest in developing and introducing sound in film, the general use of other technological innovations being developed in the 1920s was delayed. (TPO 12)

由于人们对在电影中开发并引入声音的兴趣浓厚，在20世纪20年代开发的其他技术革新的普遍应用被推迟了。

Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington state in the Pacific. (TPO 4)

在太平洋华盛顿州的普吉特湾地区，有两种鹿很常见。

How the first governments took shape in these areas is not certain, but anthropologists studying the evolution of human communities in various parts of the world have discovered that one common stage in the process is the emergence of what are called "big men" within a single village or a collection of villages. (TPO 33)

最早的政府在这些地方是如何设立的不得而知，但是研究世界各地人类社群发展演变的人类学家已经发现在这一过程中都存在一个共同的阶段，那就是在一个或几个村落中都出现了“上层阶级”。

In the end, despite insightful attempts to detect some general patterns, we may find it very difficult to reduce this topic to a simple， universal truth. (TPO 46)

最后，尽管这些富有洞察力的尝试得出了某种普遍的规律，我们可能会发现很难将这个话题简化成一个简单的、普遍认可的事实。

彻底的，全面的 ☆

代表单词：thorough

英文注释1：A thorough action or activity is one that is done very carefully and in a detailed way so that nothing is forgotten. (AHD）

英文注释2： exhaustively complete (AHD）

拓展单词：comprehensive, complete (2017)

预测单词：all-inclusive, all-embracing, full, broad

老师说词

comprehensive，由comprehend派生出来，所以它有表示“可理解的”意思，但在考试中，主要还是考其“彻底的，全面的”之意，尤其近两年，这个词考得比较频繁。其反义词组意为“有限的；狭隘的”，即narrow，limited，incomplete。

经典例句

Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the thoroughly disgusted. (TPO 7)

从无限感动到深感厌恶，现代人对罗马文明的态度各异。

The most recent comprehensive evaluation of early intervention programs suggests that, taken as a group, preschool programs can provide significant benefits, and that government funds invested early in life may ultimately lead to a reduction in future costs. (TPO 31)

最近关于早教课程的综合研究表明，从整体上看，学前教育意义重大，并且政府对教育项目投资越早越有助于未来减少投资成本。

总体上的，概括来说的 ☆☆

代表单词：general

英文注释：concerned with, applicable to, or affecting the whole or every member of a class or category (AHD)

拓展单词：overall (2017), on balance (2014, 2017)

预测单词：on the whole, in general

老师说词

on balance常考常错，不是“平衡”的意思，而是表示“总之”。

经典例句

It is not generally supported by teacher educators. (TPO 9)

它通常不受教育工作者的支持。

Some species exclude others, reducing the overall diversity of the ecosystem. (TPO 31)

一些物种排挤掉其他物种，减少了生态系统的整体多样性。

突然的 ☆

代表单词：abrupt

英文注释： unexpectedly sudden (AHD)

拓展单词：sudden (2014, 2015)

预测单词：unexpected, unanticipated, unforeseen

老师说词

绝对的高频考词，sudden=abrupt，在2014～2015年之间至少考了5次。

经典例句

Many plants and animals disappear abruptly from the fossil record. (TPO 8)

许多动植物从化石记录中突然消失了。

The level of carbon dioxide in the blood may drop suddenly. (TPO 24)

血液中的二氧化碳浓度可能会突然下降。

偶然的，偶尔的 ☆

代表单词：occasional

英文注释：occurring, appearing, or taken at irregular or infrequent intervals (MWD)

拓展单词：now and then (2014), once in a while

预测单词：infrequent, odd, rare, irregular

老师说词

now and then或许会让人有点儿惊讶，它不是表示“现在然后”之意，而是表示“偶尔的”意思。

经典例句

Spillage from huge oil-carrying cargo ships, called tankers, involved in collisions or accidental groundings (such as the one off Alaska in 1989) can create oil slicks at sea. (TPO 4)

被称为油轮的巨大载油货船，在发生碰撞或意外搁浅（比如在1989年在阿拉斯加离岸时所发生的油轮搁浅）时，从油轮泄漏出的石油会在海面上形成浮油。

Now and then these files include pieces of writing that are of a distinctly different order, writings that do not merely record some matter of fact but involve creative intellectual activity. (OG）

在这些文件中，时而会出现一些顺序打乱了的文字，这些文字不仅记录了一些事实，还记录下了富有创造性的智力活动。

The amount of air exchanged is even lower in REM than NREM because, although breathing is more rapid in REM, it is also more irregular, with brief episodes of shallow breathing or absence of breathing. (TPO 24)

快波睡眠的空气交换量要比慢波睡眠低，因为尽管在快波睡眠呼吸更加急促、更加混乱，会出现一些短暂的浅度呼吸或呼吸中断。

随机的 ☆

代表单词：random

英文注释：having no specific pattern, purpose, or objective (AHD)

拓展单词：chance (2014), without pattern

预测单词：casual, accidental, incidental, haphazard, unplanned, fortuitous, adventitious, purposeless

其他考试形式： “随机地”at random=without a definite pattern

其他考试形式： “无规律性的”erratic=unpredictable

经典例句

They predicted that the colonies of aggressive species would show regular distributions, while those of nonaggressive species would show random or closely grouped (clumped) distribution. (TPO 32)

他们预测攻击性物种的聚居地呈规则分布，而无攻击性物种的聚居地呈随机分布或集群分布。

A population of oaks is likely to be relatively stable through time, and its survival is likely to depend more on its ability to withstand the pressures of competition or predation than on its ability to take advantage of chance events. (OG）

橡树的数量在一段时期内似乎是相对稳定的，它的存活可能更多地取决于面对竞争压力的能力和抵御攻击的能力，而非依赖于侥幸生存机会。

Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals. (TPO 5)

某些理论认为，波利尼西亚人曾经在海上迷失方向并且一直漂流，这使得他们意外地被困在孤岛上，他们就这样在很多太平洋岛屿上定居下来；与之相反的理论认为，这样的壮举是经过深思熟虑的，它是通过充分地准备了食物、农作物和牲畜后来完成这次殖民探险的，这似乎很合理。

非故意地 ☆☆

代表单词：unintentionally

英文注释：Something that is unintentional is not donedeliberately, but happens by accident.

拓展单词：inadvertently (2017), accidently (2017)

预测单词：involuntary, unintended, casual

老师说词

这个词指“非故意地”如果想弄明白什么是“非故意地”，首先要了解什么是“故意的”（deliberate），根据《韦氏词典》，deliberate是指深思熟虑后做的决策（think about or discuss issues and decisions carefully）。因此“非故意地”，就是指没有经过思考，偶然发生的事而已。

经典例句

This feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions. (TPO 5)

这一壮举是经过深思熟虑的殖民化远征运动完成的。

The lndependent Television Commission, regulator of television advertising in the United Kingdom, has criticized advertisers for "misleadingness" —creating a wrong impression either intentionally or unintentionally—in an effort to control advertisers' use of techniques that make it difficult for children to judge the true size, action, performance, or construction of a toy. (TPO 14)

独立电视委员会（英国电视广告监管机构）批评广告商的“误导行为”（有意或无意地给人传递错误的信号），目的是控制广告商使用技术，使孩子难以判断玩具的真实尺寸、动作、性能或构造。

Commensal associations sometimes involve one species' obtaining food that is inadvertently exposed by another. (TPO 17)

共生关系有时候表现为这样一种方式，一个物种寻觅食物会经由另外一个物种不经意地暴露出来。

回忆 ☆☆

代表单词：recall

英文注释：When you recall something, youremember it and tell others about it.

拓展单词：remember (2014), retrieve (2014), vacate (2017)

预测单词：call up, evoke, recollect, look or think back to

经典例句

Older children and adults often try to retrieve the names of things they saw, but infants would not have encoded the information verbally. (TPO 6)

大一些的孩子和成人经常试图回忆那些他们曾经见过的事物的名字，但幼儿尚未对此进行语言化的信息存储。

However, even children with low verbal skills showed evidence of remembering the event; thus, memories may be facilitated by but are not dependent on those verbal skills. (TPO 21)

但是，有证据显示即使是语言能力很差的儿童也记得该事件，因此，语言能力可以促进记忆，但是记忆并不依赖于语言能力。